African Customary Law

Cases Applying This Concept

• In re SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID LITIGATION. This Document Relates to: Lungisile Ntsebeza v. Ford Motor Company, and International Business Machines Corporation, Defendants Sakewe Balintulo v. Ford Motor Company, and International Machines Corporation15 F. Supp. 3d 454
• In re SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID LITIGATION56 F. Supp. 3d 331
• Bethesda African Cemetery Coal. v. Housing Opp. Comm.18/23
• In Re SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID LITIGATION633 F. Supp. 2d 117
• In Re South African Apartheid Litigation624 F. Supp. 2d 336
• In Re South African Apartheid Litigation643 F. Supp. 2d 423
• In Re South African Apartheid Litigation617 F. Supp. 2d 228
• In Re South African Apartheid Litigation346 F. Supp. 2d 538
• Levi Morin v. Law Office of Kleinhans Gruber, PLLC03-15-00174-CV
• Michael Johnson and Kennard Law P.C. v. Valero Services, Inc.09-23-00393-CV
• African Methodist Episcopal Church v. Shoulders187 N.W.2d 536
• Authority of the President Under Domestic and International Law to Use Military Force Against IraqOLC 2002-10-23
• In re SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID LITIGATION. Lungisile Ntsebeza v. Daimler AG, Defendants Sakewe Balintulo v. Daimler AG624 F. Supp. 2d 336
• Jennifer Ampofowah TWUM, Petitioner, v. William P. BARR, United States Attorney General, Respondent.930 F.3d 10
• Diggs v. Oscar De La Renta, LLC2019 NY Slip Op 1390
• Steele v. American South African Line62 F. Supp. 636
• Williams v. PNC Bank, N.A.202 N.E.3d 753
• Nikita L. Lazarus v. Rafael Perez73 A.D.3d 528
• STAFFORD BAILEY, and v. MICHAEL BREWER, and197 Cal. App. 4th 781
• Jerome MADISON v. Charlotte Faye COURTNEY and American Airlines, Inc.365 F. Supp. 3d 768
• Joan DANIEL v. ADVOCATE HEALTH CARE NETWORK278 F. Supp. 3d 1056
• Sakwe Balintulo KHULUMANI, as Personal Representative of Saba Balintulo, Fanekaya Dabula, as Personal Representative of Lungile Dabula, Nokitsikaye Violet Dakuse, as Personal Representative of Tozi Skweyiya, Berlina Duda, as Personal Representative of Donald Duda, Mark Fransch, as Personal Representative of Anton Fransch, Sherif Mzwandile Gekiso, as Personal Representative of Ntombizodwa Annestina Nyongwana, Elsi Guga, as Personal Representative of James Guga, Joyce Hlophe, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Hlophe, Nomvula Eunice Kama, as Personal Representative of Mncedisi Dlokova, Joyce Ledwaba, as Personal Representative of Samuel Ledwaba, Johana Lerutla, as Personal Representative of Matthews Lerutla, Frieda Z. Lukhulei, as Personal Representative of Tokkie Lukhulei, Elizabeth Maake, as Personal Representative of Jackson Maake, Architon Madondo, as Personal Representative of Mandla Madondo, Benjamin Maifadi, Tshemi Makedama, as Personal Representative of Lugile Makedama, Mabel Makupe, as Personal Representative of Andrew Makupe, Mabel Malobola, as Personal Representative of Malobola Mbuso, Evelyn Matiso, as Personal Representative of Pitsi Matiso, Betty Mgidi, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Mgidi, Elizabeth Mkhonwana, as Personal Representative of Obed Mkhonwana, Catherine Mlangeni, as Personal Representative of Bheki Mlangeni, Cecil Mlanjeni, as Personal Representative of Kele Mlanjeni, Samuel Morudu, as Personal Representative of Sannah P. Leslie, Tshidiso Motasi, as Personal Representative of John and Penelope Moloke, Willie Nelani, as Personal Representative of Mongezi Nelani, Catherine Ngqulunga, as Personal Representative of Brian Ngqulunga, Catherine Phiri, as Personal Representative of Thomas Phiri, Elizabeth Sefolo, as Personal Representative of Harold Sefolo, Maria Sibaya, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Sibaya, Patricial M. Songo, as Personal Representative of Dipulo Songo, Mpolontsi Tyote, as Personal Representative of Boyboy Tyote, Nomkhango Skolweni Dyantyi, Clifford Zixelile Fudukile, Windovoel Gaaje, Charles Hlatshwayo, Moses Hlongwane, Lesiba Kekana, Sanaki Mahlatshi, Robert Makana, Zakharia Fikile Mamba, Elliot Sithembiso Marenene, Alfred Masemola, Maureen Thandi Mazibuko, Michael Mbele, Laetitia Nombambo Mfecane, as Personal Representative of Rubin Mfecane, Dennis Mlandeli, Tefo Mofokeng, Motlaletsatsi Molatedi, Azariel Molebeleli, Simon Molotsi, Lina Moreane, as Personal Representative of Albert Xaba, Thabiso Samuel Motsie, Sonto Ndlovu, Mangindiva Robert Rhenene, Thobile Sikani, Bubele Stefane, Noluthando Biletile, Leslie Mncedisi Botya, Leon Dukasche, Elsie Gishi, Dorthia Gomo-Pefile, Zamikhaya Bishop Khali, James Magabana, Nosipho Manquba, Notathu Eugenia Matomela, Nomisa Thersia May, Mbongeni Nelson Mbeshu, Mzuhlangena Nama, Elias Ngamani, as Personal Representative of Elizabeth Nagamani, Geshia Ngoxza, Lucas Ndukwayibuzwa Ngwenyana, Wellinton Mtyukato Nkosiphendule, Vuyani Nongcama, Sindiswa Mirriam Nunu, Thulani Nunu, Boniwe Phalaza, Pathiswa Pringane, as Personal Representative of Mthozama Theophilus Pringane, Mthutuzeli Sikani, Noluthando Siletile, Thembeka Victoria Siphaho, Johannes Titus, Mpolontsi Tyotes, Mthuzimele Meford Yamile, Ntunani William Zenani, Thandiwe Shezi, Elias B. Boneng, Dennis Vincent Frederick Brutus, Moraloki A. Kgobe, Reuben Mphela, Lulamile Ralrala, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. BARCLAY NATIONAL BANK LTD., British Petroleum, PLC, Chevrontexaco Corporation, Chevrontexaco Global Energy, Inc., Citigroup, Inc., Commerzbank, Credit Suisse Group, Daimlerchrysler AG, Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Exxonmobil Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Fujitsu, Ltd., General Motors Corporations, International Business MacHines Corp., J.P. Morgan Chase, Shell Oil Company, and UBS AG, Defendants-Appellees, AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie, Fluor Corporation, Rheinmetall Group AG, Rio Tinto Group, Total-Fina-Elf and Doe Corporations, Defendants; Lungisile Ntsebeza, Hermina Digwamaje, Andile Mfingwana, F.J. Dlevu, Lwazi Pumelela Kubukeli, Frank Brown, Sylvia Brown, Nyameka Goniwe, Sigqibo Mpendulo, Dorothy Molefi, Themba Mequbela, Lobisa Irene Digwamaje, Kaelo Digwamaje, Lindiwe Petunia Leinana, Matshidiso Sylvia Leinana, Kelebogile Prudence Leinana, David Motsumi, Sarah Nkadimeng, Moeketsi Thejane, Moshoeshoe Thejane, Pascalinah Bookie Phoofolo, Khobotle Phoofolo, Gladys Mokgoro, Jongani Hutchingson, Sefuba Sidzumo, Gobusamang Laurence Lebotso, Edward Thapelo Tshimako, Rahaba Mokgothu, Jonathan Makhudu Lediga, Anna Lebese, Sipho Stanley Lebese, William Nbobeni, John Lucas Ngobeni, Clement Hlongwane and Masegale Monnapula, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Sakwe Balintulo Khulumani, P.J. Olayi, Wellington Baninzi Gamagu, Violations of Pass Laws, Unlawful Detention 1981-1983, Torture Subjected to Discriminatory Labor Practices 1981 and William H. Durham, Plaintiffs, v. Daimler Chrysler Corporation, National Westminster Bank PLC, Colgate Palmolive, Barclays Bank Plc, UBS AG, Citigroup Inc., Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Commerzbank AG, Ford Motor Company, Holcim, Inc., Exxon Mobil Corporation, Shell Oil Company, J.P. Morgan, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (3m Co.), General Electric Company, Bristol-Meyers Squibb Co., E.I. Dupont De Nemours, Xerox Corporation, IBM, General Motors, Honeywell International, Inc., Bank of America, N.A., the Dow Chemical Company, Coca-Cola Co., Credit Agricole S.A., Hewlett-Packard Company, Emschemie (North America) Inc., Chevron Texaco Corporation, American Isuzu Motors, Inc. and Nestle USA, Inc., Defendants-Appellees, Sulzer AG, Schindler Holding AG, Anglo-American Corporation, Debeers Corporation, Novartis AG, Banque Indo Suez, Credit Lyonnais, and Unknown Officers and Directors of Danu International, Standard Chartered, P.L.C., Corporate Does, Credit Suisse Group, Citigroup AG, Securities Inc., as Successor to Morgan Guaranty, Manufacturers Hannover, Chemical Bank & Chase Manhattan Bank, Unisys Corporation, Sperry Corporation, Burroughs Corporation, ICL, Ltd., Amdahl Corp., Computer Companies, John Doe Corporation, Holcin, Ltd., Henry Blodget, Justin Baldauf, Kristen Campbell, Virginia Syer Genereux, Sofia Ghachem, Thomas Mazzucco, Edward McCabe, Deepak Raj, John 1-10 Doe, Oerlikon Contraves AG, Oerlikon Buhrle AG, Corporate Does 1-100, Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., Shell Transport & Trading Company PLC and Shell Petroleum, Inc., Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Kenneth Seymour, Defendants509 F.3d 148
• Sakwe Balintulo KHULUMANI, as Personal Representative of Saba Balintulo, Fanekaya Dabula, as Personal Representative of Lungile Dabula, Nokitsikaye Violet Dakuse, as Personal Representative of Tozi Skweyiya, Berlina Duda, as Personal Representative of Donald Duda, Mark Fransch, as Personal Representative of Anton Fransch, Sherif Mzwandile Gekiso, as Personal Representative of Ntombizodwa Annestina Nyongwana, Elsi Guga, as Personal Representative of James Guga, Joyce Hlophe, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Hlophe, Nomvula Eunice Kama, as Personal Representative of Mncedisi Dlokova, Joyce Ledwaba, as Personal Representative of Samuel Ledwaba, Johana Lerutla, as Personal Representative of Matthews Lerutla, Frieda Z. Lukhulei, as Personal Representative of Tokkie Lukhulei, Elizabeth Maake, as Personal Representative of Jackson Maake, Architon Madondo, as Personal Representative of Mandla Madondo, Benjamin Maifadi, Tshemi Makedama, as Personal Representative of Lugile Makedama, Mabel Makupe, as Personal Representative of Andrew Makupe, Mabel Malobola, as Personal Representative of Malobola Mbuso, Evelyn Matiso, as Personal Representative of Pitsi Matiso, Betty Mgidi, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Mgidi, Elizabeth Mkhonwana, as Personal Representative of Obed Mkhonwana, Catherine Mlangeni, as Personal Representative of Bheki Mlangeni, Cecil Mlanjeni, as Personal Representative of Kele Mlanjeni, Samuel Morudu, as Personal Representative of Sannah P. Leslie, Tshidiso Motasi, as Personal Representative of John and Penelope Moloke, Willie Nelani, as Personal Representative of Mongezi Nelani, Catherine Ngqulunga, as Personal Representative of Brian Ngqulunga, Catherine Phiri, as Personal Representative of Thomas Phiri, Elizabeth Sefolo, as Personal Representative of Harold Sefolo, Maria Sibaya, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Sibaya, Patricial M. Songo, as Personal Representative of Dipulo Songo, Mpolontsi Tyote, as Personal Representative of Boyboy Tyote, Nomkhango Skolweni Dyantyi, Clifford Zixelile Fudukile, Windovoel Gaaje, Charles Hlatshwayo, Moses Hlongwane, Lesiba Kekana, Sanaki Mahlatshi, Robert Makana, Zakharia Fikile Mamba, Elliot Sithembiso Marenene, Alfred Masemola, Maureen Thandi Mazibuko, Michael Mbele, Laetitia Nombambo Mfecane, as Personal Representative of Rubin Mfecane, Dennis Mlandeli, Tefo Mofokeng, Motlaletsatsi Molatedi, Azariel Molebeleli, Simon Molotsi, Lina Moreane, as Personal Representative of Albert Xaba, Thabiso Samuel Motsie, Sonto Ndlovu, Mangindiva Robert Rhenene, Thobile Sikani, Bubele Stefane, Noluthando Biletile, Leslie Mncedisi Botya, Leon Dukasche, Elsie Gishi, Dorthia Gomo-Pefile, Zamikhaya Bishop Khali, James Magabana, Nosipho Manquba, Notathu Eugenia Matomela, Nomisa Thersia May, Mbongeni Nelson Mbeshu, Mzuhlangena Nama, Elias Ngamani, as Personal Representative of Elizabeth Nagamani, Geshia Ngoxza, Lucas Ndukwayibuzwa Ngwenyana, Wellinton Mtyukato Nkosiphendule, Vuyani Nongcama, Sindiswa Mirriam Nunu, Thulani Nunu, Boniwe Phalaza, Pathiswa Pringane, as Personal Representative of Mthozama Theophilus Pringane, Mthutuzeli Sikani, Noluthando Siletile, Thembeka Victoria Siphaho, Johannes Titus, Mpolontsi Tyotes, Mthuzimele Meford Yamile, Ntunani William Zenani, Thandiwe Shezi, Elias B. Boneng, Dennis Vincent Frederick Brutus, Moraloki A. Kgobe, Reuben Mphela, Lulamile Ralrala, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. BARCLAY NATIONAL BANK LTD., British Petroleum, PLC, Chevrontexaco Corporation, Chevrontexaco Global Energy, Inc., Citigroup, Inc., Commerzbank, Credit Suisse Group, Daimlerchrysler AG, Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Exxonmobil Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Fujitsu, Ltd., General Motors Corporations, International Business MacHines Corp., J.P. Morgan Chase, Shell Oil Company, and UBS AG, Defendants-Appellees, AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie, Fluor Corporation, Rheinmetall Group AG, Rio Tinto Group, Total-Fina-Elf and Doe Corporations, Defendants.AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie, Fluor Corporation, Rheinmetall Group AG, Rio Tinto Group, Total-Fina-Elf and Doe Corporations, Defendants; Lungisile Ntsebeza, Hermina Digwamaje, Andile Mfingwana, F.J. Dlevu, Lwazi Pumelela Kubukeli, Frank Brown, Sylvia Brown, Nyameka Goniwe, Sigqibo Mpendulo, Dorothy Molefi, Themba Mequbela, Lobisa Irene Digwamaje, Kaelo Digwamaje, Lindiwe Petunia Leinana, Matshidiso Sylvia Leinana, Kelebogile Prudence Leinana, David Motsumi, Sarah Nkadimeng, Moeketsi Thejane, Moshoeshoe Thejane, Pascalinah Bookie Phoofolo, Khobotle Phoofolo, Gladys Mokgoro, Jongani Hutchingson, Sefuba Sidzumo, Gobusamang Laurence Lebotso, Edward Thapelo Tshimako, Rahaba Mokgothu, Jonathan Makhudu Lediga, Anna Lebese, Sipho Stanley Lebese, William Nbobeni, John Lucas Ngobeni, Clement Hlongwane and Masegale Monnapula, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Sakwe Balintulo Khulumani, P.J. Olayi, Wellington Baninzi Gamagu, Violations of Pass Laws, Unlawful Detention 1981-1983, Torture Subjected to Discriminatory Labor Practices 1981 and William H. Durham, Plaintiffs, v. Daimler Chrysler Corporation, National Westminster Bank PLC, Colgate Palmolive, Barclays Bank PLC, UBS AG, Citigroup Inc., Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Commerzbank AG, Ford Motor Company, Holcim, Inc., Exxon Mobil Corporation, Shell Oil Company, J.P. Morgan, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (3M Co.), General Electric Company, Bristol-Meyers Squibb Co., E.I. Dupont De Nemours, Xerox Corporation, IBM, General Motors, Honeywell International, Inc., Bank of America, N.A., the Dow Chemical Company, Coca-Cola Co., Credit Agricole S.A., Hewlett-Packard Company, Emschemie (North America) Inc., Chevron Texaco Corporation, American Isuzu Motors, Inc. and Nestle USA, Inc., Defendants-Appellees, Sulzer AG, Schindler Holding AG, Anglo-American Corporation, Debeers Corporation, Novartis AG, Banque Indo Suez, Credit Lyonnais, and Unknown Officers and Directors of Danu International, Standard Chartered, P.L.C., Corporate Does, Credit Suisse Group, Citigroup AG, Securities Inc., as Successor to Morgan Guaranty, Manufacturers Hannover, Chemical Bank & Chase Manhattan Bank, Unisys Corporation, Sperry Corporation, Burroughs Corporation, ICL, Ltd., Amdahl Corp., Computer Companies, John Doe Corporation, Holcin, Ltd., Henry Blodget, Justin Baldauf, Kristen Campbell, Virginia Syer Genereux, Sofia Ghachem, Thomas Mazzucco, Edward McCabe, Deepak RAJ, John 1-10 Doe, Oerlikon Contraves AG, Oerlikon Buhrle AG, Corporate Does 1-100, Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., Shell Transport & Trading Company PLC and Shell Petroleum, Inc., Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Kenneth Seymour, Defendants504 F.3d 254
• In re SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID LITIGATION. This Document Relates to: Sakewe Balintulo v. Daimler AG643 F. Supp. 2d 423
• Booker v. Beauty Express Salons, Inc.2018 Ohio 581
• OFFICES TOGOLAIS DES PHOSPHATES, a Company Owned by TOGO, a Country in West Africa, Plaintiff, v. MULBERRY PHOSPHATES, INC., a Virginia Corporation, Defendant62 F. Supp. 2d 1316
• CMA-CGM (CANADA), INC. v. WORLD SHIPPERS CONSULTANTS, LTD.921 F. Supp. 2d 1
• Madame HABYARIMANA, in Her Own Capacity and on Behalf of the Estate of the Deceased President of Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana; Madame Ntaryamira, in Her Own Capacity and on Behalf of the Estate of the Deceased President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Paul KAGAME, President of the Republic of Rwanda, Defendant-Appellee. United States of America, Amicus Curiae696 F.3d 1029
• Catrina D. BLACKWELL, Plaintiff-Appellant v. ALLIANT TECHSYSTEMS, INC., Defendant. Ron Baker, Individually and as Agent and Employee of Alliant Techsystems, Inc.; David Bales, Individually and as Agent and Employee of Alliant Techsystems, Inc.; Tracy Bradehoft, Individually and as Agent and Employee of Alliant Techsystems, Inc.; Alliant Techsystems Operations, LLC, Defendants-Appellees Division of Employment Security, State of Missouri, Respondent822 F.3d 431
• Dexter C. RHINES v. SALINAS CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES, LIMITED574 F. App'x 362
• John DOE, I John Doe, II John Doe, III John Doe, IV John Doe, V and John Doe, VI, each individually and on behalf of proposed class members v. NESTLE, S.A. Nestle USA, Inc. Nestle Ivory Coast Cargill Incorporated Company Cargill Cocoa Cargill West Africa, S. A. Archer Daniels Midland Company929 F.3d 623
• In re SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID LITIGATION. Lungisile Ntsebeza v. Daimler AG, Defendants Khulumani v. Barclays National Bank Ltd.617 F. Supp. 2d 228
• CROUCH v. The STATE.825 S.E.2d 199
• State v. Hardy1810009281
• ASPIRE CHANNEL, LLC, Plaintiff, v. PENNGOOD, LLC, Defendant139 F. Supp. 3d 382
• Arnold & Itkin, L.L.P., Beck Redden LLP, Albritton Law Firm, Kurt Arnold, Cory Itkin, Jason Itkin, Russell Post, Fields Alexander, Jas Brar and Eric Albritton v. Maria Santos Lopez Dominguez, Individually and as Next Friend of Karen Marien Andrade Lopez01-15-00989-CV
• Liliana Maria CARDONA, John Doe, Angela Maria Henao Montes, Et Al., Plaintiffs-Appellees-Cross Appellants, Adanolis Pardo Lora, Aidee Moreno Valencia, Albinia Delgado, Et Al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. CHIQUITA BRANDS INTERNATIONAL, INC., an Ohio Corporation, Chiquita Fresh North America LLC, a Delaware Corporation, Defendants-Appellants-Cross Appellees760 F.3d 1185
• in Re: Barbara Johnson05-22-00486-CV
• Josiah S. Wright v. State of MissouriWD86433
• In Re G.G., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services, and v. F.G., And186 Cal. App. 4th 150
• Elgie & Company v. S. S. "S. A. Nederburg", Her Engines, Boilers, Etc., and South African Marine Corporation, Ltd., and Third-Party v. International Terminal Operating Co., Inc., Third-Party599 F.2d 1177
• Henderson R. PRYOR v. MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER495 F. App'x 544
• Esther KIOBEL, Individually and on Behalf of Her Late Husband, Dr. Barinem Kiobel, Bishop Augustine Numene John-Miller, Charles Baridorn Wiwa, Israel Pyakene Nwidor, Kendricks Dorle Nwikpo, Anthony B. Kote-Witah, Victor B. Wifa, Dumle J. Kunenu, Benson Magnus Ikari, Legbara Tony Idigima, Pius Nwinee, Kpobari Tusima, Individually and on Behalf of His Late Father, Clemente Tusima, Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-Appellees, v. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM CO., Shell Transport and Trading Company PLC, Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants, Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, Ltd., Defendant642 F.3d 268
• Akebo ABAGNININ; Amangoua Abli; Miessan Etienne Abli; Aba Abou; Yapo Pierre Aboua; Koffi Antoine Abri; Ampoh Adama; Toure Abry; Haruna Abubakaray; Kroya Aca; Simplice Achiepo, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AMVAC CHEMICAL CORPORATION; Dow Chemical Company; Shell Oil Company; Dole Food Company, Inc.; Dole Fresh Fruit Co; Standard Fruit Co.; Standard Fruit and Steamship Company, Defendants-Appellees545 F.3d 733
• Mary OFISI v. BNP PARIBAS, S.A.278 F. Supp. 3d 84
• Jorge MEDRANO and Ronnie Medrano an individuals and as successors in interest to decedent Rodolfo Medrano v. KERN COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICER County of Kern and Does 1 to 10, inclusive921 F. Supp. 2d 1009
• In Re NORTEL NETWORKS INC., Et Al., Debtors Joint Administrators for Nortel Networks UK Limited and Certain of Its Affiliates Located in the Region Known as Emea, Appellants737 F.3d 265
• Maurice Cornelius RICHARDSON, Movant-Appellant v. STATE of Missouri, Respondent-Respondent386 S.W.3d 803
• UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Abukar Osman BEYLE, Defendant-Appellant; United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Shani Nurani Shiekh Abrar, Defendant-Appellant782 F.3d 159
• Frank CLEMONS and Emma Clemons v. GEARBULK, LTD.581 So. 2d 462

Exam Application

Apply african customary law by identifying the relevant facts, citing the leading case, and explaining the ratio.