Sakwe Balintulo KHULUMANI, as Personal Representative of Saba Balintulo, Fanekaya Dabula, as Personal Representative of Lungile Dabula, Nokitsikaye Violet Dakuse, as Personal Representative of Tozi Skweyiya, Berlina Duda, as Personal Representative of Donald Duda, Mark Fransch, as Personal Representative of Anton Fransch, Sherif Mzwandile Gekiso, as Personal Representative of Ntombizodwa Annestina Nyongwana, Elsi Guga, as Personal Representative of James Guga, Joyce Hlophe, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Hlophe, Nomvula Eunice Kama, as Personal Representative of Mncedisi Dlokova, Joyce Ledwaba, as Personal Representative of Samuel Ledwaba, Johana Lerutla, as Personal Representative of Matthews Lerutla, Frieda Z. Lukhulei, as Personal Representative of Tokkie Lukhulei, Elizabeth Maake, as Personal Representative of Jackson Maake, Architon Madondo, as Personal Representative of Mandla Madondo, Benjamin Maifadi, Tshemi Makedama, as Personal Representative of Lugile Makedama, Mabel Makupe, as Personal Representative of Andrew Makupe, Mabel Malobola, as Personal Representative of Malobola Mbuso, Evelyn Matiso, as Personal Representative of Pitsi Matiso, Betty Mgidi, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Mgidi, Elizabeth Mkhonwana, as Personal Representative of Obed Mkhonwana, Catherine Mlangeni, as Personal Representative of Bheki Mlangeni, Cecil Mlanjeni, as Personal Representative of Kele Mlanjeni, Samuel Morudu, as Personal Representative of Sannah P. Leslie, Tshidiso Motasi, as Personal Representative of John and Penelope Moloke, Willie Nelani, as Personal Representative of Mongezi Nelani, Catherine Ngqulunga, as Personal Representative of Brian Ngqulunga, Catherine Phiri, as Personal Representative of Thomas Phiri, Elizabeth Sefolo, as Personal Representative of Harold Sefolo, Maria Sibaya, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Sibaya, Patricial M. Songo, as Personal Representative of Dipulo Songo, Mpolontsi Tyote, as Personal Representative of Boyboy Tyote, Nomkhango Skolweni Dyantyi, Clifford Zixelile Fudukile, Windovoel Gaaje, Charles Hlatshwayo, Moses Hlongwane, Lesiba Kekana, Sanaki Mahlatshi, Robert Makana, Zakharia Fikile Mamba, Elliot Sithembiso Marenene, Alfred Masemola, Maureen Thandi Mazibuko, Michael Mbele, Laetitia Nombambo Mfecane, as Personal Representative of Rubin Mfecane, Dennis Mlandeli, Tefo Mofokeng, Motlaletsatsi Molatedi, Azariel Molebeleli, Simon Molotsi, Lina Moreane, as Personal Representative of Albert Xaba, Thabiso Samuel Motsie, Sonto Ndlovu, Mangindiva Robert Rhenene, Thobile Sikani, Bubele Stefane, Noluthando Biletile, Leslie Mncedisi Botya, Leon Dukasche, Elsie Gishi, Dorthia Gomo-Pefile, Zamikhaya Bishop Khali, James Magabana, Nosipho Manquba, Notathu Eugenia Matomela, Nomisa Thersia May, Mbongeni Nelson Mbeshu, Mzuhlangena Nama, Elias Ngamani, as Personal Representative of Elizabeth Nagamani, Geshia Ngoxza, Lucas Ndukwayibuzwa Ngwenyana, Wellinton Mtyukato Nkosiphendule, Vuyani Nongcama, Sindiswa Mirriam Nunu, Thulani Nunu, Boniwe Phalaza, Pathiswa Pringane, as Personal Representative of Mthozama Theophilus Pringane, Mthutuzeli Sikani, Noluthando Siletile, Thembeka Victoria Siphaho, Johannes Titus, Mpolontsi Tyotes, Mthuzimele Meford Yamile, Ntunani William Zenani, Thandiwe Shezi, Elias B. Boneng, Dennis Vincent Frederick Brutus, Moraloki A. Kgobe, Reuben Mphela, Lulamile Ralrala, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. BARCLAY NATIONAL BANK LTD., British Petroleum, PLC, Chevrontexaco Corporation, Chevrontexaco Global Energy, Inc., Citigroup, Inc., Commerzbank, Credit Suisse Group, Daimlerchrysler AG, Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Exxonmobil Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Fujitsu, Ltd., General Motors Corporations, International Business MacHines Corp., J.P. Morgan Chase, Shell Oil Company, and UBS AG, Defendants-Appellees, AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie, Fluor Corporation, Rheinmetall Group AG, Rio Tinto Group, Total-Fina-Elf and Doe Corporations, Defendants; Lungisile Ntsebeza, Hermina Digwamaje, Andile Mfingwana, F.J. Dlevu, Lwazi Pumelela Kubukeli, Frank Brown, Sylvia Brown, Nyameka Goniwe, Sigqibo Mpendulo, Dorothy Molefi, Themba Mequbela, Lobisa Irene Digwamaje, Kaelo Digwamaje, Lindiwe Petunia Leinana, Matshidiso Sylvia Leinana, Kelebogile Prudence Leinana, David Motsumi, Sarah Nkadimeng, Moeketsi Thejane, Moshoeshoe Thejane, Pascalinah Bookie Phoofolo, Khobotle Phoofolo, Gladys Mokgoro, Jongani Hutchingson, Sefuba Sidzumo, Gobusamang Laurence Lebotso, Edward Thapelo Tshimako, Rahaba Mokgothu, Jonathan Makhudu Lediga, Anna Lebese, Sipho Stanley Lebese, William Nbobeni, John Lucas Ngobeni, Clement Hlongwane and Masegale Monnapula, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Sakwe Balintulo Khulumani, P.J. Olayi, Wellington Baninzi Gamagu, Violations of Pass Laws, Unlawful Detention 1981-1983, Torture Subjected to Discriminatory Labor Practices 1981 and William H. Durham, Plaintiffs, v. Daimler Chrysler Corporation, National Westminster Bank PLC, Colgate Palmolive, Barclays Bank Plc, UBS AG, Citigroup Inc., Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Commerzbank AG, Ford Motor Company, Holcim, Inc., Exxon Mobil Corporation, Shell Oil Company, J.P. Morgan, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (3m Co.), General Electric Company, Bristol-Meyers Squibb Co., E.I. Dupont De Nemours, Xerox Corporation, IBM, General Motors, Honeywell International, Inc., Bank of America, N.A., the Dow Chemical Company, Coca-Cola Co., Credit Agricole S.A., Hewlett-Packard Company, Emschemie (North America) Inc., Chevron Texaco Corporation, American Isuzu Motors, Inc. and Nestle USA, Inc., Defendants-Appellees, Sulzer AG, Schindler Holding AG, Anglo-American Corporation, Debeers Corporation, Novartis AG, Banque Indo Suez, Credit Lyonnais, and Unknown Officers and Directors of Danu International, Standard Chartered, P.L.C., Corporate Does, Credit Suisse Group, Citigroup AG, Securities Inc., as Successor to Morgan Guaranty, Manufacturers Hannover, Chemical Bank & Chase Manhattan Bank, Unisys Corporation, Sperry Corporation, Burroughs Corporation, ICL, Ltd., Amdahl Corp., Computer Companies, John Doe Corporation, Holcin, Ltd., Henry Blodget, Justin Baldauf, Kristen Campbell, Virginia Syer Genereux, Sofia Ghachem, Thomas Mazzucco, Edward McCabe, Deepak Raj, John 1-10 Doe, Oerlikon Contraves AG, Oerlikon Buhrle AG, Corporate Does 1-100, Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., Shell Transport & Trading Company PLC and Shell Petroleum, Inc., Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Kenneth Seymour, Defendants [2007]

Version 1 of 4

Reference to Sakwe Balintulo KHULUMANI, as Personal Representative of Saba Balintulo, Fanekaya Dabula, as Personal Representative of Lungile Dabula, Nokitsikaye Violet Dakuse, as Personal Representative of Tozi Skweyiya, Berlina Duda, as Personal Representative of Donald Duda, Mark Fransch, as Personal Representative of Anton Fransch, Sherif Mzwandile Gekiso, as Personal Representative of Ntombizodwa Annestina Nyongwana, Elsi Guga, as Personal Representative of James Guga, Joyce Hlophe, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Hlophe, Nomvula Eunice Kama, as Personal Representative of Mncedisi Dlokova, Joyce Ledwaba, as Personal Representative of Samuel Ledwaba, Johana Lerutla, as Personal Representative of Matthews Lerutla, Frieda Z. Lukhulei, as Personal Representative of Tokkie Lukhulei, Elizabeth Maake, as Personal Representative of Jackson Maake, Architon Madondo, as Personal Representative of Mandla Madondo, Benjamin Maifadi, Tshemi Makedama, as Personal Representative of Lugile Makedama, Mabel Makupe, as Personal Representative of Andrew Makupe, Mabel Malobola, as Personal Representative of Malobola Mbuso, Evelyn Matiso, as Personal Representative of Pitsi Matiso, Betty Mgidi, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Mgidi, Elizabeth Mkhonwana, as Personal Representative of Obed Mkhonwana, Catherine Mlangeni, as Personal Representative of Bheki Mlangeni, Cecil Mlanjeni, as Personal Representative of Kele Mlanjeni, Samuel Morudu, as Personal Representative of Sannah P. Leslie, Tshidiso Motasi, as Personal Representative of John and Penelope Moloke, Willie Nelani, as Personal Representative of Mongezi Nelani, Catherine Ngqulunga, as Personal Representative of Brian Ngqulunga, Catherine Phiri, as Personal Representative of Thomas Phiri, Elizabeth Sefolo, as Personal Representative of Harold Sefolo, Maria Sibaya, as Personal Representative of Jeffrey Sibaya, Patricial M. Songo, as Personal Representative of Dipulo Songo, Mpolontsi Tyote, as Personal Representative of Boyboy Tyote, Nomkhango Skolweni Dyantyi, Clifford Zixelile Fudukile, Windovoel Gaaje, Charles Hlatshwayo, Moses Hlongwane, Lesiba Kekana, Sanaki Mahlatshi, Robert Makana, Zakharia Fikile Mamba, Elliot Sithembiso Marenene, Alfred Masemola, Maureen Thandi Mazibuko, Michael Mbele, Laetitia Nombambo Mfecane, as Personal Representative of Rubin Mfecane, Dennis Mlandeli, Tefo Mofokeng, Motlaletsatsi Molatedi, Azariel Molebeleli, Simon Molotsi, Lina Moreane, as Personal Representative of Albert Xaba, Thabiso Samuel Motsie, Sonto Ndlovu, Mangindiva Robert Rhenene, Thobile Sikani, Bubele Stefane, Noluthando Biletile, Leslie Mncedisi Botya, Leon Dukasche, Elsie Gishi, Dorthia Gomo-Pefile, Zamikhaya Bishop Khali, James Magabana, Nosipho Manquba, Notathu Eugenia Matomela, Nomisa Thersia May, Mbongeni Nelson Mbeshu, Mzuhlangena Nama, Elias Ngamani, as Personal Representative of Elizabeth Nagamani, Geshia Ngoxza, Lucas Ndukwayibuzwa Ngwenyana, Wellinton Mtyukato Nkosiphendule, Vuyani Nongcama, Sindiswa Mirriam Nunu, Thulani Nunu, Boniwe Phalaza, Pathiswa Pringane, as Personal Representative of Mthozama Theophilus Pringane, Mthutuzeli Sikani, Noluthando Siletile, Thembeka Victoria Siphaho, Johannes Titus, Mpolontsi Tyotes, Mthuzimele Meford Yamile, Ntunani William Zenani, Thandiwe Shezi, Elias B. Boneng, Dennis Vincent Frederick Brutus, Moraloki A. Kgobe, Reuben Mphela, Lulamile Ralrala, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. BARCLAY NATIONAL BANK LTD., British Petroleum, PLC, Chevrontexaco Corporation, Chevrontexaco Global Energy, Inc., Citigroup, Inc., Commerzbank, Credit Suisse Group, Daimlerchrysler AG, Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Exxonmobil Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Fujitsu, Ltd., General Motors Corporations, International Business MacHines Corp., J.P. Morgan Chase, Shell Oil Company, and UBS AG, Defendants-Appellees, AEG Daimler-Benz Industrie, Fluor Corporation, Rheinmetall Group AG, Rio Tinto Group, Total-Fina-Elf and Doe Corporations, Defendants; Lungisile Ntsebeza, Hermina Digwamaje, Andile Mfingwana, F.J. Dlevu, Lwazi Pumelela Kubukeli, Frank Brown, Sylvia Brown, Nyameka Goniwe, Sigqibo Mpendulo, Dorothy Molefi, Themba Mequbela, Lobisa Irene Digwamaje, Kaelo Digwamaje, Lindiwe Petunia Leinana, Matshidiso Sylvia Leinana, Kelebogile Prudence Leinana, David Motsumi, Sarah Nkadimeng, Moeketsi Thejane, Moshoeshoe Thejane, Pascalinah Bookie Phoofolo, Khobotle Phoofolo, Gladys Mokgoro, Jongani Hutchingson, Sefuba Sidzumo, Gobusamang Laurence Lebotso, Edward Thapelo Tshimako, Rahaba Mokgothu, Jonathan Makhudu Lediga, Anna Lebese, Sipho Stanley Lebese, William Nbobeni, John Lucas Ngobeni, Clement Hlongwane and Masegale Monnapula, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Sakwe Balintulo Khulumani, P.J. Olayi, Wellington Baninzi Gamagu, Violations of Pass Laws, Unlawful Detention 1981-1983, Torture Subjected to Discriminatory Labor Practices 1981 and William H. Durham, Plaintiffs, v. Daimler Chrysler Corporation, National Westminster Bank PLC, Colgate Palmolive, Barclays Bank Plc, UBS AG, Citigroup Inc., Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Commerzbank AG, Ford Motor Company, Holcim, Inc., Exxon Mobil Corporation, Shell Oil Company, J.P. Morgan, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. (3m Co.), General Electric Company, Bristol-Meyers Squibb Co., E.I. Dupont De Nemours, Xerox Corporation, IBM, General Motors, Honeywell International, Inc., Bank of America, N.A., the Dow Chemical Company, Coca-Cola Co., Credit Agricole S.A., Hewlett-Packard Company, Emschemie (North America) Inc., Chevron Texaco Corporation, American Isuzu Motors, Inc. and Nestle USA, Inc., Defendants-Appellees, Sulzer AG, Schindler Holding AG, Anglo-American Corporation, Debeers Corporation, Novartis AG, Banque Indo Suez, Credit Lyonnais, and Unknown Officers and Directors of Danu International, Standard Chartered, P.L.C., Corporate Does, Credit Suisse Group, Citigroup AG, Securities Inc., as Successor to Morgan Guaranty, Manufacturers Hannover, Chemical Bank & Chase Manhattan Bank, Unisys Corporation, Sperry Corporation, Burroughs Corporation, ICL, Ltd., Amdahl Corp., Computer Companies, John Doe Corporation, Holcin, Ltd., Henry Blodget, Justin Baldauf, Kristen Campbell, Virginia Syer Genereux, Sofia Ghachem, Thomas Mazzucco, Edward McCabe, Deepak Raj, John 1-10 Doe, Oerlikon Contraves AG, Oerlikon Buhrle AG, Corporate Does 1-100, Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., Shell Transport & Trading Company PLC and Shell Petroleum, Inc., Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Kenneth Seymour, Defendants (509 F.3d 148) strengthens a African Customary Law answer because the case reflects the principle that Use this case as a source-verified research checkpoint rather than an invented rule statement. The ratio should be extracted from the linked opinion by identifying the legal test applied, the facts treated as decisive, and the court's stated reason for the outcome. Applied to a problem question, the case should be used after identifying the issue as What African Customary Law issue does the source record raise, and how should a student verify the rule, holding, and factual trigger from the linked opinion? The stronger essay move is to connect the material facts to the court's holding, then explain whether the present facts support the same conclusion or justify distinguishing the authority.