Treaty summaries with source links, key articles, and exam-ready analysis routes.
Use these summaries to move quickly from treaty text to problem-question structure.
Human rights and public law
Sets civil and political rights used in proportionality, state-interference, positive-obligation, and remedies analysis.
Key articles or doctrines
Exam route
Identify the right, interference, lawful basis, legitimate aim, proportionality, and remedy.
Refugee and asylum law
Provides the central refugee definition and the non-refoulement principle used in protection, exclusion, and cessation questions.
Key articles or doctrines
Exam route
Work through well-founded fear, Convention reason, state protection, internal relocation, and exclusion.
Public international law
Frames treaty formation, interpretation, reservations, invalidity, termination, and state consent in international-law problem questions.
Key articles or doctrines
Exam route
Start with treaty status, then apply ordinary meaning, context, object and purpose, and any later practice.
International arbitration
Supports recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, subject to limited refusal grounds.
Key articles or doctrines
Exam route
Separate jurisdiction, award validity, procedural fairness, public policy, and enforcement forum issues.
International sale of goods
Governs many cross-border sale-of-goods contracts, including formation, obligations, breach, remedies, and risk.
Key articles or doctrines
Exam route
Check scope and exclusions before applying formation rules, conformity, risk, notice, and remedies.
Law of the sea
Organises maritime zones, navigational rights, resource jurisdiction, environmental duties, and dispute settlement.
Key articles or doctrines
Exam route
Map the maritime zone first, then test the coastal-state power, user-state freedom, and dispute route.
Confirm whether the convention applies directly, through domestic legislation, or only as an interpretive aid.
Separate binding treaty text from soft-law guidance, commentary, and persuasive institutional materials.
Check reservations, declarations, protocols, territorial scope, and implementing legislation.
Use the convention language in the rule paragraph before moving to cases or academic commentary.
For any treaty, record parties, entry into force, reservations, domestic implementation, dispute mechanism, and the facts that trigger the article or doctrine.